Polar Bears :: essays research papers fc

Polar Bear is the name for a white bear found on the icy sea of the Arctic throughout the North Polar basin. Being the only bear considered being marine, it is longer than other bears and streamlined for aquatic life. It has the â€Å"plantigrade† feet (heel and sole touching the ground) which are typical in all bears, with five sharp, claws on each foot for grasping at the ice and holding its prey. Long hair between the pads protects the bear's feet from the cold and provides traction on the ice so he doesn’t slip. Hard hairs on the forelegs, and very wide front feet, help the bear swim. All polar bears are white, although their fur may yellow in the summer because of the fat from animals it kills. The largest wild bears ever weighed—were more than 800 kg (which is more than 1800 lb)—have been polar bears. However, most male polar bears weigh an average of about 350 kg (about 880 lb), and most females weigh about 250 kg (550 lb). Polar bears have a strong navigational sense, an extremely good sense of smell, and they are extremely good at solving problems in order to obtain food. They eat primarily ringed seals, and sometimes they also enjoy bearded seals, walruses, or even white whales. They also feed on berries, sedges, mussels, and kelp when they have no other food sources left. As with other â€Å"true† bears, polar-bear mothers and young create strong bonds. The young cubs are very small when they are born: about 1 kg (about 2.2 lb). Their eyes remain closed for about 40 days and they must be fed every few hours. The mother keeps them close to make sure that they stay warm. Except during the breeding season, male polar bears are solitary and walk over vast amounts of sea ice while hunting. During the breeding season (which is from May to June), the males fight nonstop over females. Both the male and female may mate with other individuals as well.

Mark Sexton and Todd Story

FIN 6130: Individual Assignment (case study) Case Study: Mark Sexton and Todd Story, the owners of a manufacturing company have decided to expand their operations. They instructed you as their newly hired financial analyst to enlist an underwriter to help sell $35 million in new 10-year bonds to finance construction. You have entered into discussion with Kim McKenzie, an underwriter from the firm of Raines and Warren about which bond features your company should consider and what coupon rate the issue will likely have.Although your Bosses are aware of the bond features, they are not sure about the costs and benefits of some features especially how they will affect the coupon rate of the bond issues. This is more so that your firm is not a publicly traded company. You have been asked to prepare a memo on the effect of each of the following bond features on the coupon rate of the bond. It is expected that you will emphasis on their perceived benefits. The bond issuer/the borrower/the b osses: Mark Sexton and Todd Story Bond value: $35 million Bond maturity: 10 years Financing purpose: constructionHired underwriter: Kim McKenzie (Raines and Warren) .Case Studied Memos: 1. The security of the bond- that is, whether the bond has a collateral. Secured bond is with collateral, whereby the issuer pledged specific assets in case of bankruptcy or unable to pay debt. A bond with collateral will have a lower coupon rate (interest/return) and lower the security’s risk but with higher credit ratings, which less likely it is to default. But the issuer need to ensure that the collateral is in good working order and cannot be sold until the bond is matured.Considering bond with collateral is secured investment to investors, during default, the investors may receive all or part of the collateral in the value of debt unpaid. Collateralized bond is also marketable to the secondary market especially if it is a non-publicly traded or listed company recognized among investors. In term of outlining the specific security of collateral attached to a bond, it’s best to put clear guideline of what sort of asset eligible to be put as collateral and define certain rule of how the asset’s value can be sum up to secure the bond maturity period. 2.The seniority of the bond In case of liquidation or bankruptcy, senior bond has higher priority to be paid first compared to another bond that is considered junior or the subordinated bonds. Senior bond gets full payment in bankruptcy which its covenant may restrict the borrower from issuing any future bonds senior to the current bonds. A junior bond’s security ranks lower than other bond securities in regard to the owner's claims on assets and income if the issuer becomes insolvent. Bondholders of secured debt (with collateral) must be paid before the holders of unsecured debt.Bondholders of unsecured debt must be paid before preferred shareholders, and finally, preferred shareholders must be satisfi ed before common shareholders. In general, a junior security entails greater risk but offers higher potential yields than securities with greater seniority. To be more appealing to investors, the bondholders should propose senior bond in able to offer lower coupon. 3. The presence of a sinking fund Bond sinking fund is a restricted asset where the issuer is required to set aside money for redeeming back or buying back some of its bond payable by deposited money with an independent trustee.Sinking fund is a partial guarantee to bondholders that will reduce the coupon rate. By having sinking fund, it allows the issuer to repay specific bond’s value at a certain period or retire a portion of the bond every year until it’s matured. It’s a great program but the issuer must be able to generate cash flows to make the interim payments into a sinking fund or else, face default. By having the presence of a sinking fund as collateral support of a bond, it promotes financia l security which will attract investors to accept bond with lower interest rates.With the sinking fund, it will also gain benefits through taxation and enjoy capital gain. It also secured a good management of long-term debt in advance. 4. A call provision with specified call dates and call prices Adding provision to a bond with specific call date and prices will benefit the bond issuer more than the bondholder but it will definitely increase the coupon rate. Able to repurchase bonds before maturity (or at a specified date according to provision) is called callable bond (or redeemable bond) at a special price (not obligated).Any future payment to the bondholder is immediately and indefinitely cancelled once the bond is called. Recalling a bond with lower the debt and is hence liberated from paying interest on the called bond. Normally, the bond is called because the issuer no longer needs to borrow the money, or because interest rates have fallen and the issuer want to issue new bond s at a lower interest rate. In security purpose of long-term benefit with uncertain financial forecast, it is not applicable to issue call provision. 5. A deferred call accompanying the call provisionA bond with call provision accompanied by a deferred call will actually prohibited from calling the bond before a certain date. It is call protected or Period of Call Protection during the period of time which the bond may not be prematurely redeemed. During the call protected period (the cushion period), coupon rate payments are guaranteed but not later. After the call date, the bond may be redeemed by returning principal to the bondholder and ceased the coupon rate. The call provision accompanied by deferred call in a bond is to protect the bondholder from the falling of interest rates before the call date.A deferred callable bond may demand a slightly higher coupon rate compared to a normal bond due to its callable feature as investors are exposed to the reinvestment risk assuming th at the prevailing interest rates then is lower than the coupon paid by our bond on the callable date. 6. A make-whole call provision A bond with a make whole call (provision) allowing the issuer to pay off remaining debt early by making lump sump payment based on NPV (net present value) of future interest payments that will not be paid in cause of the call.This type of call should lower the coupon rate than the normal call provision with specific dates. Bondholders will receive the market value of the bond if it is a make whole provision which then they can reinvest in another bond with same criteria. The make whole call will be defined in the indenture. Normally, an issuer doesn't expect to have to use this type of provision, but if the issuer does, investors will be compensated, or â€Å"made whole†. Because the cost can often be significant, such provisions are rarely invoked.Hence, it is recommended that the bond issuance should not have a make-whole call provision. 7. An y positive covenants. Discuss any overall positive covenants that your firm may consider. The presences of positive covenants (also called as affirmative covenant) protect bondholders by forcing the company to undertake actions that benefit bondholders. A positive covenant would reduce the coupon rate but will increase the trust of bondholders. For instance, it requires the issuer to cover the principal of the bond; enough liquid assets must be maintained.More commonly, a positive covenant requires the issuer to have a certain amount of insurance or submit to periodic audits. 8. Any negative covenants. Discuss any overall negative covenants that your firm may consider. A negative covenant would reduce the coupon rate. Remember, the goal of a corporation is to maximize shareholder wealth. The presence of negative covenants protects bondholders from actions by the company that would harm the bondholders. This says nothing about bondholders. In example, the issuer cannot increase divid ends, or at least increase dividends beyond a specified level.The downside of negative covenants is the restriction of the issuer’s actions. 9. A conversion feature The conversion feature is a financial derivative instrument that is valued separately from the underlying security. Therefore, an embedded conversion feature adds to the overall value of the security. The conversion feature would permit bondholders to benefit if the company does well and also goes public. Even though the company is not public, a conversion feature would likely lower the coupon rate.The downside is that the company may be selling equity at a discounted price. Convertible bond is an example of an asset that can undergo conversion. It gives the bondholder the option to exchange the bond for an amount (predetermined) of the bond issuer’s equity. Typically, the bondholder will exercise the option when the total value of the shares received from conversion exceeds the bond's worth. 10. A floating rate coupon Floating rate coupon is a bond with floating coupon payments that are adjusted at specific intervals.It is all known as a variable rate bond which has a floating or variable rate interest, or coupon rate. The bond is payable to the bondholder upon demand following an interest rate change. The rate adjusts according to a predetermined formula outlined in the bond’s prospectus or official statement. Generally, the current money market rate is what is used to set the interest rate (plus or minus a set percentage). As a result of this, the coupon payments can change over time. A floating rate coupon or variable rate bonds' market values fluctuate less than other bonds.

The Israel Palestine Conflict Essay - 987 Words

Dating back to the beginning of the 20th century, Israel’s and Palestine’s relationship took a turn, causing wars to break out and many unnecessary deaths to occur. Since then, things have changed greatly, and I don’t believe the conflict between them can currently be solved. The friction between these two countries and religions is still increasing, and so is the hostility that’s contained by the Palestinian people. Israel has committed many human rights violations, including killings, beatings, torture, and shootings at unarmed civilians; this includes children. Palestinians have no state or army, but only weapons such as bombs, knives, rocks, and many youths who are willing to die by using them against the Israeli troops. The Israeli†¦show more content†¦These two groups have lived together for thousands of years, and things started heating up during the 20th and 21st centuries. According to the Bible and Quran, a sacred text of Islam, these two groups are actually close â€Å"family-members†; they are descendants of Abraham’s children Isaac and Ishmael. Because of this, there is a belief that these two groups of people were usually peaceful with each other prior to the 20th century.The start of the conflict was due to many unsolved issues after the First World War. One of these unsolved issues was immigration of thousands of Jewish people to the British Mandate Palestine known as the Zionist Project (1920-1930). This caused unrest in the Arab community. In 1937, a Royal Commission from Britain suggested that the land be divided up into a Jewish state and an Arab one. Both Palestinians and Arabs rejected this and wanted an end the the immigration. Opposing violence continued un til 1938 when reinforcements from the UK stepped in to end it. Then around 1948 was when it became a conflict between Israel and the Palestinian Arab people. In 1956, there was an Israeli attack on Egypt, in collaboration with France and Britain. Then around 1967 was when the Arab-Israeli War started. This was when Israel launched an air attack on Egypt, Jordan, and Syria in response to the request by the Egyptian President, Nasser, that the UN withdraw its forces from the Egyptian territory and the buildup of Arab armies alongShow MoreRelatedIsrael And Palestine Conflict Between Palestine And Israel1303 Words   |  6 Pagesborders between Palestine and Israel have been unfair. The Israeli people have taken a majority of the Palestinians land. This had caused conflict between these two territories for years. The Israel and Palestine conflict has been going on for many decades and nothing seems to be able to solve this issue. All because the Israeli government is very stubborn. The y are not willing to make a compromise in this situation. The main issues between the Palestinians and the Israelites are; Israel has been unfairRead MoreConflict With Israel And Palestine Conflict Essay1776 Words   |  8 Pagesgets put on the â€Å"back burner† is the conflict with Israel and Palestine. I believe this is because the Israel and Palestine conflict has gone on for so long. So the question is how do you stop the Israel and Palestine conflict? What is a solution? Is there a solution? Over 116,000 Israelis and Palestinians have been killed since the beginning of this bloody conflict. This has to stop. There needs to be a resolution. To give you a little background on the conflict. Jews and Arabs have been at each other’sRead MoreThe Israel-Palestine Conflict3449 Words   |  14 Pages30-40% remained opposed for religious, nationalist or security reasons. Palestinians supported ongoing attacks against Israel not to overthrow the government or take over the country and drive out the Jews, or because of irrational hatred of Jews and Israel, but only because of the continuing military occupation and expansion of settlements. Camp David didnt fail because of Israel but because according to the most pro-Arab primary account (Agha Malley) Arafat walked out after having said no toRead MoreThe Conflict Between Israel And Palestine968 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough the conflict between Israel and Palestine has been going on for decades and decades, tensions appear to be growing once again due to Israel’s plan of building at least 1,000 housing units in East Jerusalem. Since East Jerusalem has been chosen to be the capital of Palestine, housing Israelis in the eastern part would certainly threaten the viability of the future Palestinian State (Fox News). Seeing that this new conflict has the potential for escalation, Jordan immediately called for anRead MoreThe Conflict Between Israel And Palestine Essay2089 Words   |  9 Pages The conflict between Israel and Palestine has raged on since Israel s founding in the 1940s, the solution to this problem is not always straight forward or clear. It seems lik e everyone has formed their opinions and are stuck in their ways. The United Nations has even seem to accept the conflict as a certainty and for a large part does not wish to address it (Baker). However just because this problem is complex doesn t mean there is no hope for a solution. This conflict is generally seen as aRead MoreConflict Between Israel And Palestine1045 Words   |  5 PagesThe big question we ask ourselves today is, will Israel and Palestine ever agree to stop fighting? The conflict between Israel and Palestine has been traced all the way back to 1948 through 2005 in The Israel Palestine Land Settlement Problem, written by Charles Rowley and Jennis Taylor. However, this conflict did not end in 2005. This article was written in 2006, so anything within the last 10 years is not included. The conflict between the two counties still continues to this day and still remainsRead MoreThe Israel-Palestine Conflict Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Israel-Palestine Conf lict The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a part of the greater Arab-Israeli long-running conflict in the Middle East. The main point of this conflict is the existence of the state of Israel and its relations with Arab states and with the Palestinian population in the area. The idea and concept of Israel was born in the mid 19th century. Jews of Europe and America wanted a place for their homeland, where they could go and beRead MoreOverview of the Conflict in Israel and Palestine2176 Words   |  9 Pagesnot at all contradictory. There are problems in Israel and problems amongst the Palestinians/Arabs when it comes to achieving peace; to say that Israel is being dishonest in blaming Hamas lack of official recognition of the Israeli state does not preclude the fact that the emerging Palestinian state faces sever internal conflict regarding the direction it wants to pursue in all matters of foreign and domestic policy, and especially the issue of Israel. That you think these two situations cannot coexistRead MoreCBA: Israel-Palestine Conflict 688 Words   |  3 PagesThe most essential reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict were geocultural factors. These factors contributed greatly to the contentious argument between both groups because with the geocultural perspective, the religious tensions between Muslims and Jews have resulted in the problematic issue over the holy structures in Jerusalem. The second most contributing factors in the Israel-Palestine conflict were psychological factors. These were the second greatest factors that started the disputeRead MoreThe Conflict Between Israel And Palestine2424 Words   |  10 Pages The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict is an endless battle about land that has caused political tragedy, greatly impacted the residents, as well as has caused worldwide attention in international disputes to find a solution for both states. How did the conflict between Israel and Palestine begin and how does the world contribute to this conflict? Due to previously chronicled occasions, there is a great deal of disarray about whose land it truly is. There have been many great lives of both troopers and

A Problem Of Constant Procrastination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 373 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Procrastination Essay Did you like this example? Have you ever put something aside and forget about it only to remember it at the last second? This my friend is Procrastination, a very annoying little thing that if left unattended to can become a massive problem. Procrastination can tear your life apart! -Dangers Procrastination Can Pose Procrastination if not dealt with can have negative effects on your life and health! One of the most common ways that procrastination affects people is through Fatigue. Sleep deprivation and rushing to keep up with deadlines will tire you out and can lead to both physical and mental exhaustion. Procrastination can have effects on relationships too, missed deadlines and appointments can wear on both physical and professional relationships. Another consequence can be career setbacks Chronic procrastination keeps individuals from realizing their full professional potential, delaying if not derailing career progress. These are only a few of the many consequences of procrastination. -How to Over Come Procrastination Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Problem Of Constant Procrastination" essay for you Create order The first step to overcoming procrastination is stepping back and figuring out whatrs effecting you in other words identify your own habits. If you can pinpoint where or what distracts you it will be a good place to start making some changes. Breaking up whatrs stressing you out into bite-sized pieces will help you not to feel overwhelmed. Another important thing to remember is that perfectionism is the partner in crime to procrastination no oners perfect it doesnt matter if the thing you were working on didnt meet your expectations all that matters is if you get it done. Flexing your schedule is important as well, make your schedules less restricting and more compatible some days will be busier than others but you dont have to get worked up over 100 things. Rewarding yourself is a good thing too celebrate small victories for having finished your tasks, the reward may be a short break/snack or maybe a pick me up coffee from the cafe. Consequently, those who leave procrastination unattended will fall victim to some pretty big problems. These problems will appear small at first but will give people a surprise when they have some job or even health problems in their way. Only those who willingly fight free from its grasp will be a better and changed person.

Video Games and Child Development Good Or Bad Essays

Video Games and Child Development: Good? Or Bad? It’s no doubt that video games are very influential toward a younger audience. But, what people fail to realize is, that a game can seem influential to one person, but have no effect on another. The level of influence a game has on a person, depends on their mental state, and their perception of reality; however, it still can also have a positive effect on these individuals. To people that know the difference between pixels on a screen and actual living and breathing organisms, the effects are tremendously beneficial. Games increase reaction time, critical thinking, goal setting; Improve hand eye coordination, and have many other things to benefit a person life. Video games are, all in all,†¦show more content†¦A study in Washington showed that playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered. But for others, it may offer opportunities to learn new skills and improve so cial networking. APA (2010, June). Looking back on that study, they used the word some, those some, being children with existing problems doing what they’re required to do, generally don’t have much of a conscience, and have existing anger or temper problems. More than not, it offers them an opportunity to learn a new skill such as; Problem solving, reflexes, goal setting, hand-eye coordination, and many more skills for survival. Violent video games can improve social networking simply because, most violent video games have the option to go online and be on and work with a team, leading to better communication skills, team-working, and cooperation with others. Video game provide very useful distractions It has been stated by Ferguson, Dr. CJ. (2010, June) that â€Å"young adults—male and female—who play violent video games long-term handle stress better than non-playing adults and become less depressed and less hostile following a stressful task.† (â€Å"European Psychologist† 2010, Volume 15.) This canShow MoreRelatedGame over: the Effects of Violent Video Games on Children Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesGame Over: The effects of Violent Video Games on Children Seven hours. That is the amount of hours a day the average American child plays a video games (Anderson 354), and with technology advancing and games becoming more graphic, the concern over a violent game’s effect over a child’s development is growing. What does playing video games for seven hours do to a child’s development? Violent, role-playing video games adversely affects a child’s development and causes aggression in children and adolescents;Read MoreVideo Games Affecting Youth1177 Words   |  5 Pagesspend most of their time playing video games and this could reflect a negative role in a child’s bad behaviors. Nearly all children, especially in the United States, have or have had a video game console or some type of electronic device that contain video games. Video games in general are not to be blamed but a certain category that majority of the gamers play is called violent video games. Adolescents and children are revealed to violent gam es could have a bad influence which should be controlledRead MoreVideo Games are our Downfall Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesVideo Games are our Downfall People say so much is wrong with our generation, but no one knows what causes all the problems; they do not know whether or not it is a national, government related or just the family-oriented problems. Whether it is lack of discipline or bad parenting, it may be both of those things. But, it just can not be the problem it has to be a cluster of problems. The biggest problem in the cluster is video games. They offer a great escape from reality and are very entertainingRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Our Lives1355 Words   |  6 Pagesnerves effecting your ability to see or exercise? Many people have differing opinions on this subject. I personally think that video games can greatly impact your lives in a positive manner, but they can also destroy your lives. Videogames altering your intelligence making you less sophisticated, or time consuming making people over weight? The advantage of playing video games can be proven in its ability to enhance learning, hand-eye coordinatio n, and can help to reduce feelings of stress and angerRead MoreVideo Games Have A Negative Influence On Young People1600 Words   |  7 Pagessociety often depict video games to have a negative influence on young people. However, playing video games is more beneficial than people would think. Playing video games have many advantages, such as they help increase and develop cognitive functions, mental health, and more often than most they are educational. Gee, James Paul. What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. This book looks at the educational level of what video games have to teach us. GeeRead MoreThe Importance Of Video Games1354 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s society video games have a large influence on people. We also might be driven to the point of where we are dependent on them. In fact, being so engulfed in video games could help children become more focused.In fact, parents would probably disagree and say that video games wouldn’t be essential to learning because it would probably be considered a waste of time for children and time-consuming. Parents would also disagree with the content of what is in the game, but there is a great possibilityRead MoreHow Technology Can Benefit A Child s Cognitive Development1061 Words   |  5 Pagesreading an electronic book. The truth is, that there are more positives than negatives when children use technology. There is fear that if children use too much technology they will not have proper development especially cognitively. This paper will show how technology can benefit a child’s cognitive development. One benefit is young children can learn how to read while using a device whether it is a computer, tablet, or cellphone instead of reading a regular book. On these devices, there are applicationsRead MoreThe Future Of Videogames And How Will They Affect Us829 Words   |  4 Pagesand how will they affect us. There is research on cons of videogames, the present and the future of videogames, the advantages, how videogames beneficial. Although many people say videogames are bad for children this paper states that they can actually help. It also states that videogames are not as bad as some adults’ think they are. Right now I play videogames at my house and I sit on the couch but sometimes I wonder how videogames would help us in the future. How would videogamesRead MoreVideo Games Help Children With Special Educational Needs1542 Words   |  7 Pages This paper explains how video games help children with special educational needs, should children have certain technologies (I.e. phones, tablets, etc.) readily available, and what children enjoy about playing video games. [METHODS?] The findings from this research are that children s fascination in video games, whether with typical development or not, mainly involves the thrill of challenges and the feeling of achievement when winning. When playing video games, children do learn alternate waysRead MoreVideo Games Have A Negative Influence On Young People1376 Words   |  6 Pagessociety often depicts video games to have a negative influence on young people. However, playing video games is more beneficial than people would think. Playing video games has many advantages, such as they help increase and develop cognitive functions, mental health, and more often than most they are educational. Gee, James Paul. What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. This book looks at the educational level of what video games have to teach us. Gee

Classification Essay Example For Students

Classification Essay Classification in biology, is the identification, naming, and groupingof organisms into a formal system. The vast numbers of living forms arenamed and arranged in an orderly manner so that biologists all over theworld can be sure they know the exact organism that is being examinedand discussed. Groups of organisms must be defined by the selection ofimportant characteristics, or shared traits, that make the members ofeach group similar to one another and unlike members of other groups. Modern classification schemes also attempt to place groups intocategories that will reflect an understanding of the evolutionaryprocesses underlying the similarities and differences among organisms. Such categories form a kind of pyramid, or hierarchy, in which thedifferent levels should represent the different degrees of evolutionaryrelationship. The hierarchy extends upward from several million species,each made up of individual organisms that are closely related, to a fewkingdoms, each containing large assemblages of organisms, many of whichare only distantly related. Carolus Linnaeus is probably the single most dominant figure insystematic classification. Born in 1707, he had a mind that was orderlyto the extreme. People sent him plants from all over the world, and hewould devise a way to relate them. At the age of thirty-two he was theauthor of fourteen botanical works. His two most famous were GeneraPlantarum, developing an artificial sexual system, and SpeciesPlantarum, a famous work where he named and classified every plant knownto him, and for the first time gave each plant a binomial. This binomial system was a vast improvement over some of the olddescriptive names for plants used formerly. Before Linnaeus, Catnip wasknown as: Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatis pedunculatis which is abrief description of the plant. Linnaeus named it Nepetacatariacataria meaning, pertaining to cats. The binomialnomenclature is not only more precise and standardized; it also relatesplants together, thus adding much interest and information in the name. For instance, Solanum relates the potato, the tomato and the Nightshade. Binomial ClassificationEarly on in naming species taxonomists realized that there would have tobe a universal system of nomenclature. A system that was not affected bylanguage barriers, and would also classify the millions of speciesthroughout the world. Binomial classification in its simplest form is away of naming a species by means of two names both in Latin. Latin wasoriginally used because it was the language of the founders of theclassification system, like Carolus Linnaeus, but it continues to beused presently because it is a dead language. This means that it is nolonger changing or evolving, so it stays the same and can be useduniversally, without confusion. Carolus Linnaeus (see Appendix A, Image1) first introduced binomial classification, which is why he is known asthe father of the modern day classification system. In Binomial classification the first name, which begins with a capitalletter is known as the Genus it is always capitalized. The genus is agroup of species more closely related to one another than any othergroup of species. The genus is more inclusive than the species becauseit often contains many species. The second part of the binomialrepresents the species itself and is always printed with all letters inlower case. A species is a group of individuals that are alike in manydifferent ways. Individuals are in the same species if they are:1. Are able to mate with those similar to themselves. 2. Produce young that are themselves able to reproduce. As an example, in the cat family, the genus Panthera is coupled with thespecies leo to form Panthera leo, the Lion. Likewise, Panthera iscoupled with tigris, to form Panthera tigris the Tiger. In simplifiedterns both the Lion(see Appendix A, image 2) and Tiger share commontraits and a common genus Panthera, whilst clearly remaining separatespecies. To allow further subdivision, the prefixes sub- and super- maybe added to any category. In addition, special intermediatecategories-such as branch (between kingdom and phylum), cohort (betweenclass and order), and tribe (between family and genus)-may be used incomplex classifications. .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a , .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .postImageUrl , .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a , .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:hover , .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:visited , .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:active { border:0!important; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:active , .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Academic Honesty EssayClosely related species are a genus, closely related genera (plural formof genus) are grouped together in a family. Closely related families aregrouped into an order, and so on, into more inclusive categories, orlevels in the classification hierarchy. Taxonomic Hierarchy Approximately one and a half million species have been classified andthere are estimates that over five million species remain to bediscovered. For biologists to order this mass of information, ascientific system called taxonomy was introduced. The basic idea is togroup species with similar characteristics together into families, andto group the families together into broader grouping s. To this end, thetaxonomic categories where devised, and they create the taxonomichierarchy. The hierarchy goes (with an example):*CategoriesExample KingdomAnimalia Phylum (Plural = Phyla)Cordata*In plants, this category is often called a division*ClassMammalia OrderCarnivora Family Canidae GenusCanis Species Lupus (the Wolf)Every species is in only one genus. Similarly, every genus is in onlyone family, and so forth up the hierarchy. The most inclusive categoryfor classifying groups of similar organisms is the Kingdom. It is arguedexactly how many Kingdoms there are though. Up until recently, only twokingdoms were generally used, the plant and animal kingdoms. Now howeverthere are 5 established kingdoms and one controversial unofficialkingdom. The 5 kingdoms:1. Kingdom Animalia (The Animal Kingdom) ex: Multi-cellular motile organisms, which feed heterotrophically(Humans) 2. Kingdom Plantae (The Plant Kingdom) ex: Multi-cellular organisms, which feed by photosynthesis (Tulips) 3. Kingdom Protista (The Protist Kingdom) ex: Protozoa and single-celled algae 4. Kingdom Fungi (The Fungus Kingdom) ex: Yeast 5. Kingdom Monera (The Monera Kingdom) ex: Bacteria and blue-green algae Parallel to these Kingdoms, but not included, are the Viruses. Theseare acellular entities with many of the properties of other life forms,but are genetically and structurally too dissimilar to the speciescategorized above to fit into that scheme of taxonomy. Although this system is complex and intricate at times, itsuniversality makes it a necessity. With out the system presently in usethe world would be years and years behind in their task to name all ofthe living organisms on earth. This system is great but it is alwayspossible that some new finding could cause the system to evolve tobecome more inclusive. This system is by no means set in stone, andLinnaeus would probably be astounded to see the way that it has evolvedsince his original system. Appendix ACarolus Linnaeus (Image1)Panthera leo (Image 2)BibliographyBerkely University. www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html/Galbraith, Don. Understanding Biology. John Wiley and Sons. Toronto. 1989,Microsoft. Encarta Encyclopedia 97. Microsoft Corporation. 1997

Why did the Conservative Party split in 1846 Essay Example

Why did the Conservative Party split in 1846 Essay When Peel announced that he supported a repeal of the Corn Laws that protected the landed classes it resulted in his resignation and the split of the Conservative Party and arguably therefore Peel was the founder of modern Conservatism (Gash). However although the issue of repeal was the main issue that delivered the final blow to the party, as R Stewart states the rot had set in some years before. The Great Reform Act had created within the Conservatives a party of movement and a party of resistance. One was a more liberal type of conservatism, which aimed to appease to prevent the spread of democracy; the other was anti catholic and protectionist, the old conservatism. It was the clash of these two groupings that led to the eventual split in the party. The split although having many causes had its roots in reform but was pushed up into the sunlight by the arrogant actions of Peel. The repeal of the corn laws, if not the major cause, was most definitely the last straw that finally split the two sides of the party; as R. Stewart describes it for the Conservative party, repeal was a watershed. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the Conservative Party split in 1846 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the Conservative Party split in 1846 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the Conservative Party split in 1846 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To understand the way in which the suggestion of repeal of the corn laws by Peel led to the split in the party we must first look to the causes of the split in opinion between the those in favour of reform and the protectionists. It has been suggested by certain historians such as J. A Thomas that the split over the repeal generally was a class battle between the business and manufacturing classes who tended to favour repeal and the landed classes who tended to be against it due to the relative personal economic benefits that it would bring. However Professor Aydelotte disputes this, removing the issue of class; although he agrees with Thomas that there were a higher proportion of votes among non-landed members than among landed for repeal. However Thomas ignores the issues of party and constituency, within the Conservative party the landed section was not proportionately more opposed than the non-landed, however the section of Conservative MPs that represented the land was, therefore it could be argued that the Tory Mps were not voting for their own interests but that of their constituencies and thus bowing to public opinion, a result of reform? When looking at the national social and economic situations that could be argued led to the idea of repeal and thus party split, one must not ignore the Potato famine in Ireland and economic instability in certain parts of England and Scotland. They required a large amount of food at lower prices, removing the corn laws would enable this, Peels view on this can be seen in his memoirs The minister who foresaw that there would be cruel distress in Ireland from the scarcity of food, might surely advise the removal of restrictions on its import without incurring the reproach of treason and perfidy to his party connections. However many historians have challenged the view that it was the potato famine that made Peels decision to push through repeal, as Boyd Hilton points out in his journal Peel a reappraisal in which he regards the potato blight as merely a pretext for repeal and that it is clear that, some time before the first intimations of famine, repeal had emerged as an end in itsel f. Indeed Peels cabinet itself was not even convinced of the need for appeal following the potato blight. However Peel had seemingly made his mind up and one possible reason for this could have been the popular pressure of public opinion (such as the anti corn law league), this is a likely explanation, this liberal interpretation is highlighted by Hilton who describes it as seeing Peel as a slave not to intellectual fashion but public opinion. We have looked at the economic and social reasons for the differing opinions on the repeal and thus the split in the party but it is now important to look at the role the man who suggested the repeal played. Heavy blame can be placed on Peel not only on the single issue of repeal but also on most other major issues that led to the split of the Conservative party (however these will be addressed later). The most obvious reason blame can be placed on Peel is because it was Peel who was the leader of the government who suggested the repeal, which led to the split in the party. However to really understand why Peel is so much to blame for making the issue of repeal the final straw we must look at his actions leading up to his announcement that he supported repeal. When the Conservative government was elected to power in 1841 it was believed by most Conservative backbenchers to have been won because it and Peel pledged to maintain the Corn Laws and protect the landed class, it was the traditional Conservative doctrine. Evidence of this belief can be found at Benticks reaction to the election results First let me congratulate you (he wrote to Lord Lincoln) that the country has refused to be cajoled by the latest fabrication from the workshop of Whig trickery and delusion The Whig trickery and delusion he spoke of was of course the case for repeal. In fact even the Whigs believed that Peel was one hundred percent behind sustaining the Corn Laws, this can be seen in Lord Monmouths comment that the election of 1841 was being fought between, on one side a free trade party and on the other a protectionist one. It is clear to see from this evidence why so many members of the party felt betrayed by Peels apparently sudden u-turn on the issue of repeal, Benticks reaction clearly reflected the protectionist feeling of betrayal, describing Peel and his accomplices as no better than common cheats. politically lying and pledge breaking. Confidence in Peel was shaken so much not necessarily because he supported repeal (although of course this did play its part) but rather because of the manner in which he had seemingly committed treason against his party and the pride in which he seemed to take in declaring he had devised his scheme of repeal without caring whether or not he would receive the support of the backbenchers. It is this arrogan ce and failure to look to see the future consequences of his actions that made Peel such a danger to his party and inevitably was one of the reasons the split occurred. However there is the opinion amongst some historians that many at the time believed Conservative success at the elections in 1841 derived principally from confidence which the electorate placed in Peels administrative ability. Indeed the Tamworth Manifesto did not mention preserving the Corn Laws or protecting agricultural or landed interests but instead spoke of preserving the integrity of the two Houses of Parliament, the Monarchy and stability; as Gash states it was a constitutional and religious not a social and economic policy. Therefore the extent of Peels betrayal and the extent to which he is to blame may be bought into question, although the fact remains that Peel had publicly announced his support of the Corn Laws. As for the argument that Peel ignored his backbenchers thus causing substantial tension and eventual split; Stewart argues that since the days of Pitt there had been strain within the party between the business men of the cabinet and the squires of the backbenches. Perhaps then Peels arrogance towards the backbenchers was nothing out of the ordinary and we should be careful about how much blame we place on Peel. However Gash makes the important point that in the days of Pitt he could afford major defeats as he had the crown to fall back upon, but by the time of Peel parliament had far more authority in making the controversial administrative decisions and therefore Peel needed the support of his party. Perhaps if Peels actions and attitude towards the repeal of Corn Laws had been the only way in which he acted slightly tyrannically, as some of protectionists described his actions, then the party may not have become so unstable; however it was not. The other major issue in which Peels decisions contributed significantly to the split in the Tory party was the way in which he handled the situation of Catholicism and Ireland; Once again the backbenchers were left unconsulted and their opinions ignored. There was a certain tradition within the Conservative party of anti-Catholicism and attacks on the Irish, Catholicism was seen by the Anglican, protestant Conservatives to be a threat to Anglican dominance which had already been substantially weakened by Catholic Emancipation and the Great Reform Act of 1832. The greatest example of these attacks on the Catholic Church in Ireland came from the quarterly reviews, which mounted the most extreme attacks. At first, although not joining in on the anti Irish and Catholicism, Peel and the leaders were at least wise enough not to disassociate themselves from it; this split therefore as Stewart puts it was papered over. However, it did not last, the biggest controversy was caused by the Mounoth Act, described by T. F Kebbel as one of the most pitiful incidents in the whole history of Toryism. The decision by Peel to increase and make permanent a grant of money to the Catholic Irish college of Mounoth nearly split the party there and then. Peel was on such dangerous ground because anti-Catholicism was to be the nerve centre of protectionist policy, anti Catholicism was inexplicitly linked with the right of the party and the Ultras, for Peel to act as he did meant a gulf now appeared between the liberal Peelites and the anti catholic, protectionist right of the party. The sheer unpopularity of the act can be seen through the 3000 petitions that Peel received against the act, most of which came from his own party. The disgruntlement of the right wing of the party was made worse by the fact that Peel had refused to grant money on a number of occasions to the Anglican church, for example The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. This clearly sent out a message of the declining influence of the Anglican church that it could no longer collect aid from the state by right; the fact that the Roman Catholic church on the other hand was receiving money paid for by English taxes greatly angered many Conservatives. Sir Robert Inglis went so far as to proclaim not just that this issue could result in the split of the Tory party but of the Union itself. Disraelis speech on the matter did more to add to the gulf that was forming within the party, describing Peel as a great middleman e is a man who bamboozles one party and plunders the other. Although this issue played an important role in if not opening, widening the gulf in the party, it is important to note that the party stayed in tact after this affair, does this then suggest that the gulf it caused was not in fact all that important? This is not the case, for as is pointed out by Stewart, the party held together during the late 1830s and early 40s due to a common respect for and recognition of the necessity of Peels leadership, by the end of 1844 that bond was gone. Therefore just because the party did not split at this point it does not make Peels actions here any less destructive than his actions during the repeal of the Corn Laws. One slightly longer-term factor that must be taken into consideration for which Peel is not quite so responsible for is the effect that the Great Reform Act and growing liberalism played on the party. Certainly the party had changed since the Reform Act, proof of this lies in the posts held by the Ultras and those on the far right of th e party such as Graham and Lord Staley who held minor positions. Anna Gambles brings up the idea that the reform had resulted in a modernised Conservatism which had adapted to the reform act of 1832 against a protectionist alternative. Certainly it can be argued that Peel represented this more liberal type of Conservatism, who just as the Whigs had advocated reform to prevent revolution and democracy so to Peel and his liberal Tories saw free trade as a necessary concession to new interests in society, a concession which would save the aristocracy from an outright radical assault. Here the knock on effects of the Reform Act can clearly be seen, the new interests in society being those newly enfranchised middle class men. However others such as the Duke of Richmond saw repeal as a further step towards democracy I ask you, will they stop here? It is the first step; they feel that it is the yeomanry of England that stand between them and the democratic principles which they wish to carry out. As Gambles rightly suggests after the Great Reform Act protectionism gained new significance as an economic instrument with which governments could represent and balance propertied interests with the reformed constitution. It was for the right of the party the last great barrier against the reform act protecting the landed classes; it is therefore no wonder they fought so passionately if helplessly to defend it. Just as during the great debate around the reform act had caused splits in the party in 1832, these same splits were re-emerging but were also more apparent. The question raised by the influence of the reform act is whether or not a Conservative party is justified in carrying out changes it has already resisted; is Peel justified in going back on his policies? It raises the question of whether Peel did betray his party because of a lack of intelligence as Disraeli so often attacked him for, a lack of seeing the future consequences of his actions therefore making Peel mostly responsible for the split in the conservative party or was it in fact a well thought out adaptation to the constitution to prevent revolution and protect the landed classes? Peel was an opportunist, a number of historians agree with this view such as Anna Ramsay, however Peels great weakness was his arrogance and failure to see future consequences of his actions made him the solely most important factor in the split of the Conservative party. The way In which he acted was at times despotic even tyrannical, not only on the issues of corn and Ireland but on numerous other occasions such as the attempt by parliament to reduce the working hours in factories, the act was passed but Peel threatened to resign and thus the act was reversed. Peel could have and did get away with acting in this way many a number of times but his failure was that he did not know when to stop his ever increasing liberal actions that to his colleagues on the backbenches smacked of democracy. Peel and the liberal Tories were children of the reform of parliament, the reformed Tories, the problem was that the rest of the party took a reactionary approach to the reform act, one that Peel foolishly thought he could ignore. Would the Conservative party have split without then potato famine and other economic factors leading up to the repeal? Yes, would it have split without the actions of Peel? Eventually yes, as rot had already set in before Peel came to office but it is unlikely it would have happened so soon.